All Elements Found in Nature - Periodic Table

What is the element that is the basic building block of matter? Where is it found in nature? What is the periodic table, what are the periodic table features and how are the elements arranged in the periodic table? The answers to all these questions are in this series…

What is the Element?

An element is a pure chemical substance that is chemically defined and has a unique atomic number. Each element is identified by an atomic number determined by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. The atomic number determines the chemical properties of an element and determines each element’s place in the periodic table. Each element has a unique symbol and these symbols are used in chemical formulas and equations.

What is the Periodic Table? How Many Elements Are There?

There are currently 118 different known chemical elements. 96 of them occur naturally on Earth. Elements are separated on the periodic table, where they are listed according to their atomic number. The periodic table organizes elements according to groups and row numbers that have similar chemical properties. Each row represents elements with increasing atomic numbers, while each group contains elements with similar chemical properties. The separation of elements occurs according to the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. This number of protons determines the chemical properties and atomic number of the element. Therefore, each element has a unique atomic number and is identified according to this atomic number.

How Many Groups Are Elements Divided Into?

Elements are generally divided into 18 groups on the periodic table. These groups are arranged according to a specific sequence number in which the elements have similar chemical properties. Each group contains elements with similar electron configurations and therefore have similar chemical reactivities. For example, some groups, such as the alkali metals group (1A), contain reactive metal elements, while the noble gases group (8A) contains inert and unreactive gas elements. These groups are located along the columns of the periodic table and help us understand the general chemical behavior of the elements.

Group 1A is called Alkali metals.Except for hydrogen, they are all metals.
Group 2A is called Alkaline earth metals. They are all metal. Even though He element ends with 2 electrons, it belongs to group 8A, not group 2A. (It is an exception)
Group 3A is called Earth metals (or Boron group).
4A is called the Carbon group.
5A is called the Nitrogen group (or nitrogen group).
6A is called the Oxygen (or Chalcogen) group.
Group 7A is called Halogens.
Group 8A Noble Gases are included in this group.
B groups are transition metals. All group B elements are metals. It is located between group 2A and group 3A.

General Features of the Periodic Table

In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

They are arranged in horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups).

There are 7 periods in the periodic table.
2 in the 1st period,
8 in the 2nd and 3rd periods,
18 in the 4th period,
18 in the 5th period,
There are 32 elements in the 6th period.
The 7th period has not been completed yet.

The 14 elements of the 6th and 7th periods are placed at the bottom of the table. These are called Lanthanides and Actinides.

There are two types of groups: A and B.
There are 8 A and 10 B groups.

Atoms in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Differences in the Periodic Table

Other atoms in group 1A except hydrogen atom
It is metal.
Except for Period 1, other periods start with the alkali metal.
Boron (B) in group 3A shows non-metal properties.
Fluorine (F) in group 7A has only -1 valence in the compounds it makes.
The number of valence electrons of the helium atom in group 8A is 2, while the number of other atoms is 8.
Except for the 7th period, all other periods end with noble gases.
Other noble gas atoms, except helium, are preceded by a halogen atom.
Transition metals start from the 4th period.

Changing Features in the Periodic Table

As You Move From Left to Right in the Periodic Table

The atomic number increases.
The mass number increases.
Atomic diameter (volume) decreases.
Metallic properties decrease.
Non-metallic properties increase.
The number of valence electrons increases.
Its ability to donate electrons decreases.
Its ability to accept electrons increases.
The number of protons increases.
The acidic properties of oxides of elements increase and the basic properties decrease.

As You Move From Right to Left in the Periodic Table

The atomic number decreases.
The mass number decreases.
Atomic diameter (volume) increases..
Metallic properties increase.
The non-metallic property decreases.
The number of valence electrons decreases.
Its electron donating ability increases.
Its ability to accept electrons decreases.
The number of protons decreases.
The acidic properties of oxides of elements decrease and the basic properties increase.

As You Move From Top to Bottom in the Periodic Table

The atomic number increases.
The mass number increases.
Atomic diameter (volume) increases.
Metallic properties increase.
The non-metallic property decreases.
The basic properties of oxides of elements increase and the acidic properties decrease.
The number of protons increases.
The number of valence electrons does not change.
The desire to donate electrons increases.
The desire to gain electrons decreases.

As you move from bottom to top in the Periodic Table

The atomic number decreases.
The mass number decreases.
Atomic diameter (volume) decreases.
Metallic properties decrease.
Non-metallic properties increase.
The basic properties of oxides of elements decrease and the acidic properties increase.
The number of protons decreases.
The number of valence electrons does not change.
The desire to donate electrons decreases.
The desire to gain electrons increases.

Elements can be examined in 4 different groups

1. Metals

They are solids (except Mercury = Hg).
They are found in groups 1A, 2A, 3A.
They are located on the left side of the periodic table.
Their surfaces are shiny.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They form ionic compounds with nonmetals.
They have the ability to donate electrons (cation: +).
It is found very rarely in the structure of living things.
They can be made into wires and sheets.
They are monatomic (have an atomic structure).
Melting-boiling points are high.
They are generally described as durable, heavy, shiny substances.
They do not compound among themselves!
They alloy among themselves.
A ringing sound is heard when struck.

2. Nonmetals

They are solid, liquid and gaseous.
Melting-boiling points are low.
It is found in the group 4A (C atom), 5A, 6A, 7A.
Their surfaces are matte.
They have two or more atoms (molecular structure).
They have the ability to accept electrons (Anion: – ).
They do not conduct heat and electricity well.
They compound among themselves.
They cannot become wires and sheets.
They are found abundantly in the structure of living things.
They are located on the right side of the periodic table.

3. Semi-Metals

8 of the known elements (B, Si, Ge, As, At, Sb, Te, Po) are semi-metals. Boron, which is the most abundant mineral in Turkey, silicon, which is added to the structure of glasses, and germanium, which is used in electronic circuits, are the most important semi-metals.

Semi-metals are similar to metals in terms of their physical properties and appearance, and to nonmetals in terms of their chemical properties.

They are found where metals and nonmetals meet.
They can be processed (can be turned into wire and sheet)
They are not fragile.
When the temperature rises
They exist in solid form at room conditions.
Their electrical conductivity increases.
They can be glossy or matte
Conducts electricity and heat better than nonmetals
They conduct worse than metals.

4. Noble Gases

They exist in gaseous form in nature.
Melting and boiling points are low.
They are in group 8A in the periodic table.
They are in the nonmetals group.
They are monoatomic
They do not form compounds
2- They have a stable structure

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All Elements Found in Nature – Periodic Table